Effectiveness of the Spencer technique on pain, disability and range of motion in patients with frozen shoulder: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of randomized controlled trials (tandfonline.com)

• Spencer technique improves pain and mobility in frozen shoulder.
• Evidence quality is limited by few studies and heterogeneity.
• Meta-regression found no significant moderators of effects.

"This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluated the Spencer technique for frozen shoulder. Results suggest improvements in pain, disability, and range of motion, but evidence is limited by small sample sizes and study heterogeneity. More high-quality RCTs are needed."