The influence of spinal pathology on extremity pain: a clinical framework (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

• Three mechanisms: radicular, referred, central
• Emphasis on red flags and outcome measures
• Treatment approaches: manual therapy and exercise

"This article presents a clinical framework explaining how spinal pathologies such as disc herniation or spinal stenosis can cause extremity pain. Mechanisms include radicular pain, referred pain, and central sensitization. The framework helps clinicians differentiate spinal from peripheral sources and guides treatment, including manual therapy and exercises. Emphasis is placed on integrating red flags and outcome measures."