Systematic review identifies distinct situational patterns for hamstring, adductor, calf, and quadriceps muscle strains in sport (blogs.bmj.com)

• Hamstring strains: three patterns – running/sprinting, closed-chain lunging/stopping, open-chain kicking/reaching.
• Adductor strains: closed-chain direction change, open-chain kicking, and reaching patterns with hip abduction/external rotation.
• Calf strains: closed-chain stepping back with ankle dorsiflexion >10° and knee extension ('tennis leg').
• Quadriceps strains: open-chain kicking with hip flexion and knee extension.

"A systematic review of 21 studies with 728 muscle strains analysed via video footage identified distinct injury patterns for hamstring, adductor, calf, and quadriceps muscles. Hamstring strains occur during running/sprinting (late swing phase), closed-chain lunging, or open-chain kicking. Adductor strains involve closed-chain direction changes, open-chain kicking, or reaching. Calf strains (e.g., tennis leg) occur during closed-chain stepping back with ankle dorsiflexion >10° and knee extension. Quadriceps strains are typically open-chain kicking. Most strains are non-contact; nearly half relate to running. Findings support targeted prevention programmes incorporating high-speed running, deceleration exercises, and muscle-specific drills like Nordic hamstring exercises."